Australian Avocado Shortage Pushes up Prices

Question: Discuss about the Case Study on Avocado Shortage in Australian Market. Answer: Introduction Demand and supply of a product plays an important role in deciding the price of product in the market. Hence, the law of demand and supply is applicable on all commodities that are sold in the market (Raushenbush, 2012). The paper has been developed to discuss the current state of Avocado in the Australian market. In order to conduct the case study, an article has been chosen written by Han (2016). The articles show that the Avocado producers in the Australian market reject the claims of national shortage of the product in the market. Therefore, the paper has been developed to present a case study on current status of Avocado and explain how the rising demand and falling supply may impact the price of Avocado in the Australian market. Furthermore, the paper discusses the main issues related to the shortage of Avocado in the Australian market and how the under supply impacts the price of the product. It can be seen that the aggregate demand for the commodity is rising at a higher pace as compared to the supply due to several weather issues and incidents of forest fire (Raushenbush, 2012). Hence, the paper will analyse the impacts of the incident s on the stakeholders and present the economic concepts related to the shortage of Avocado in the Australian market. Finally, the study presents various recommendations that can be used as alternatives to control the price of the commodity in the market. Description of the issues Han (2016) in the article says that the shortage has occurred in the market due to higher supply during the Christmas that led the price fall in the Australian market (Han, 2016). Hence, the shortage occurred due to the wrong decision of the West Australian producers who shifted more amounts of fruits before Christmas in the previous years by reducing the price. The wrong decisions were taken due to the fear of fall in the aggregate demand in the market. Hence, a high bulk of supply within a certain period led to shortage of supply in the current market scenario. The shortage has occurred due to increase in demand due to fall in the price of the Avocado in the past years. Currently, it can be seen that the demand for Avocado has increased at a tremendous rate that has emerged to be a problem for the Avocado producers (Riggs and Bonk, 2008). The current supply in the market is not enough to meet the growing demands of the consumers. Furthermore, it has been expected by the West Australian producers that the supply will decrease due to unfavourable weather conditions and forest fires that have become major challenges for the Avocado producers in the country (Cai, 2012). Hence, a fall in the supply can be expected in the upcoming years. Currently, the price of Avocado has increased to $7 per piece in the retail market due to growing demand and shortage in the supply. It can be seen that Avocado are sold at a black market price in some retail markets to maintain profitability (Conlon and Mortimer, 2013). Hence, there is a need of necessary economic reforms that will balance the price of Avocado in the market. The government of Australia needs to increase the supply of Avocado by promoting the production and control the price of the product in the market. Impact on stakeholders The shortage of avocado has already fuelled the price pushing up to $4 each in the supermarkets. The smaller retailers are selling avocado at $7 each as the demand has remained intact irrespective of shortage situation (Han, 2016). The retailers, supermarket dealers, farmers and consumers have been highly affected due to the certain shortage and high pricing of the products. Many of the avocado packers, marketers and distributors have expected that the shortage situation may become more complicated by the end of the year unless new supply chain from Queensland area can hit the market. Recent rainfall, weather worries and bushfires have significantly contributed to the price hike of avocado creating a shortage in production (Thompson, 2010). Although some allegations of market manipulation have been raised, the avocado producers of Western Australia have dismissed those claims announcing the issue as a national deficit. Earlier, former chief executives of Avocados Australia, Antony Al len has alleged that the shortage of avocado has been manipulated by the producers as they have sold out products at a lowered pricing to boost sales. In order to defend the allegation, Jannie Franceschi, one of the market controllers of avocado in Western Australia has clarified about the similar volumes placed on the market (Han, 2016). Understandably, in the midst of the shortage of avocado, the wholesale price of each tray has revised to $80 whereas some of the vendors are selling the product at $120 per tray. As the wet weather has played a negative role in the harvesting of avocado, supply woes have not seemed to be decreased until and unless fresh supply chains introduce from Western Australia and Queensland (Han, 2016). Currently, the price hike of the product has raised the tensions of consumers in the Australian market (Mitka, 2010). At the same time, due to the shortage of supply and tremendous price hike of avocado, shops of the Gabba market area have enforced purchasing limit for each of consumers. Hence, a consumer can purchase a maximum of six avocados at $5.49 each in Brisbane market (Han, 2016). Meanwhile, the supply situation may have expected to be resolved before the end of the year as fresh supply chain will hit the market sooner than later. Analysis of economic concepts relevant to shortage of Avocado It can be seen from the article that the demand for avocado has gradually increased in the Australian market. It is the primary reason for the rise in price of the commodity in the current market scenario. Along with that, the price of Avocado varies due to the size and quality of the commodity (Han, 2016). Along with that, it can be seen that the high supply made through the wrong decision of the West Australian producers have gradually increased the demand for Avocado with the fall in the price (Samuelson, 2007). Hence, a diagrammatic explanation is presented herein below: Figure: Growing demand of Avocado Source: (Chintapalli and Hazra, 2015) It can be seen from the above diagram that the demand for Avocado has increased at a high rate in the recent years. Due to the increase in demand the demand curve has shifted rightward from D1 to D2. Furthermore, the control over supply to maintain a proper price has kept the supply curve constant at S1. Hence, it can be seen that the supply has increased due to shift in the demand with a minimum level (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2009). But, the rise in the demand has impacted the price of the product that has made the price increase from one level to another. Hence, the rise in the demand was the primary factor for the rise in price of Avocado in the Australian market (Lee, Emmett and Park, 2010). A statistical analysis has been presented below for better understanding of the rise in the consumption of Avocado in the Australian market. Figure: Australian Avocado Consumption Source: (Chintapalli and Hazra, 2015) It can be seen from the above figure that the per capita consumption of avocado has increase in the recent years to above 2kg per capita in the year 2014 from 1kg per capita in the year 1997. Hence, a rise in the consumption can be seen in the past years that have continued in the recent years (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2009). Furthermore, it can be seen that the demand for the product is less than the supply that has led to a shortage in the market. A diagrammatic explanation is presented below for better understanding. Figure: Excess of Demand over Supply leading to Shortage Source: (Chintapalli and Hazra, 2015) It can be seen from the above figure that the green line presents a higher demand for avocado as compared to a lower supply of the product. Hence, a shortage of Avocado can be seen in the market. The shortage of Avocado leads to a rise in the price to match the equilibrium point in the Australian market (Chambers, Echenique and Shmaya, 2011). Hence, the primary impact of shortage of Avocado is the rise in the price that highly impacts the business of Avocado dealers in Australia. Conclusion In the contemporary shortage condition, there is no point in blaming the producers. The shortage situation has been conclusively driven by wet weather and bushfires destroying the significant production volumes. At the same time, the recent pickup in demand of avocado in the Australian market has made the situation worst. Though some of the allegations of market manipulation have been posted, the major marketers have clarified themselves showing clear evidence of the scenario (Pinheiro, 2007). Meanwhile, the fundamental of supply and demand can be evenly applied to this situation contributing to the price hike. As the shortage has restricted the supply, the price has picked up at a considerable pace. Also, due to demand, the product price has surged even more creating issues for the stakeholders as well as marketers. Undoubtedly, the summer avocado shortage in the Australian market has fuelled the pricing to a record high. Notably, if the demand side will be kept rising, the prices can surge a bit higher (Wright, Smith and Wright, 2007). Currently, major marketers and packers of Australian market have believed that such pricing will be sustainable for a long time as new supply chain will hit the market soon. According to the reports, by the end of the year, the pricing of avocado will be back to $2-3 each as the shortage of products will wind up. Recommendations for alternate solutions In order to deal with current deficit situation and rising demand of avocado, the Marketers and Packers of the product must consider every possible resource to control the rising product pricing. Hence, price control measures and resource allocation will be evident. In the underlying section, some recommendations of alternate solutions have been given to control the issues due to the shortage of avocados. Price Control: Due to the shortage situation, price hike of avocado is quite natural as per the fundamentals of demand supply concept. In such scenario, price control measures will be effective so that products cannot be black-marketed at a higher pricing. In this way, a number of issues of purchasing can be resolved to some extent. Fresh Supply Chain: An introduction of the fresh supply chain from the markets of Queensland and Western Australia can be sufficient to put an end to the shortage in supply (Hendricks, Sorensen and Wiseman, 2012). Moreover, import of avocado from New Zealand can somewhat control the shortage contributing to restrict the price hike. Stocking to control shortage: In order to manage deficit situation, stocking of product to a level of extent must be considered following government regulations (King, 2012). The marketers and Australian Avocado Association must look for such facilities to control such shortage situation. Purchasing limit: Meanwhile, in the case of shortage in supply, purchasing limit can be identified one of the most efficient stance to control the demand of the target demographics. The government price controllers must set purchasing limits to each of the buyers so that most of the consumers can purchase the product at a controlled price rate (Karimi and Rahim, 2015). References Cai, W. (2012).Intertemporal pricing, supply chain design, and consumer behavior. Berkeley, CA. Chambers, C., Echenique, F. and Shmaya, E. (2011). Testable Implications of Gross Substitutes in Demand for Two Goods.American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 3(1), pp.129-136. Chintapalli, P. and Hazra, J. (2015). Pricing and inventory management during new product introduction when shortage creates hype.Naval Research Logistics (NRL), 62(4), pp.304-320. Conlon, C. and Mortimer, J. (2013). Demand Estimation Under Incomplete Product Availability.American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 5(4), pp.1-30. Han, E. (2016).Avocado growers reject market manipulation claims amid national shortage. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/avocado-growers-reject-market-manipulation-claims-amid-national-shortage-20160126-gmem47.html [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Hendricks, K., Sorensen, A. and Wiseman, T. (2012). Observational Learning and Demand for Search Goods.American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 4(1), pp.1-31. Karimi, A. and Rahim, K. (2015). Classification of External Stakeholders Pressures in Green Supply Chain Management.Procedia Environmental Sciences, 30, pp.27-32. King, D. (2012).Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lee, H., Emmett, L. and Park, C. (2010).Decision models for a two-stage supply chain planning under uncertainty with time-sensitive shortages and real option approach. Mitka, M. (2010). Price Hikes Probed.JAMA, 303(2), p.125. Pinheiro, M. (2007). Demand shocks and market manipulation.Annals of Finance, 4(3), pp.269-298. Raushenbush, S. (2012).The future of our natural resources. Philadelphia: The Academy. Riggs, T. and Bonk, M. (2008).Everyday finance. Detroit: Gale Cengage Learning. Samuelson, P. (2007).Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Samuelson, P. and Nordhaus, W. (2009).Economics. Boston, Ma.: McGraw-Hill. Thompson, C. (2010). Stakeholders in supply chain discuss shortages.American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 68(1), pp.9-10. Wright, C., Smith, M. and Wright, B. (2007). Hidden Costs Associated with Stakeholders in Supply Management.Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(3), pp.64-82.

Essay Topics That You Know the Least About

Essay Topics That You Know the Least AboutDuring your junior year in high school, you can't help but write essays about the topics you know most about. Yet, you may wonder how the topics you know the most about affect your written essays on other topics that you are less familiar with. You might be surprised to find out how the topics you know the least about can change the course of your essay topics and vice versa. In fact, this is a great way to inject some real thought into your written work that will ultimately make you a better writer.The first thing to know about essay topics and you might find surprising is that you don't have to know everything about every topic to write an effective essay. Simply choose one topic and use it as the basis for the rest of your essay topics. If you need examples of good essay topics to start off with, just look at what you know about the topic of your choice and you will be well on your way to composing a truly meaningful essay.Once you have se lected the topic of your essay, then you can begin looking for topics on that topic. This is the easiest part of the process. Simply look for a group of topics that are related to the topic you chose. Choose a few topics that will be more similar to the topic you chose than those you didn't so that you will not end up writing a dull essay.After you have picked a couple of topics that are similar to the topic you chose, then you will need to write a list of topics on which you will study and write an essay on each day. When you get tired, review the list and if necessary, rewrite one or two of the topics.Finally, go to English class, take notes and write an essay on the topic that you have chosen. In order to be successful in this task, you must be able to make connections between the topics you studied and the topics you wrote on in class. You can do this by integrating the topics that you know the most into your essay and the topics that you know the least about into your essay.Alt hough you might not like the first draft of your essay, it is possible to build upon an original idea. In fact, this is a way that some students learn to improve their written English. By writing a few essays about topics they know the least about, they learn how to improve their composition and they develop a skill that is essential to every student's academic career.By simply picking a topic on which you want to practice and writing your own essay on that topic, you will find that you can increase your writing skills significantly. Make a point to focus on the writing you do, and improve. In addition, make a note of the things you learn and apply to other topics.Your main goal when you are writing your essays on the topic of topics you know the least about is to put thought into your essay, improve your skills as a writer and learn. If you can accomplish this, then you have done yourself a great service by writing an essay on a topic that you know the least about and improving you r composition skills.

The creative invention of the Sony Walkman free essay sample

Now a day’s carry music with you is very simple and easy, you just have to download music to your cell phone, Ipod, Mp3, Smartphone, and have some headphones with you, and you can listening some music everywhere. It seems very easy and practicable now, but throwback in time this wasn’t possible; the Sony Walkman, was the first product where you can take music with you, using a cassette and without disturbing others. Who was this creative person? Masuru Ibuka was born in Japan in April 11 of 1908 and died in December 19 of 1997. He co-founded Sony and his friends known him as â€Å"genius inventor†. He had many personality traits that make him the person that he was. He was imaginative, because he came out with the idea of a product that let you to listen music in any activity that you make, the Walkman represented a breakthrough in imagination, also this complements with intuition, he knew that this idea can revolutionized the music industry as how it works. We will write a custom essay sample on The creative invention of the Sony Walkman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the things he loved most was listening to music and traveling, all his passion for music makes that the Walkman became true, thanks to the fact that he take risks, risks for the things that he believe and that he can make them come true; at that time the idea of the Walkman was criticized and named as â€Å"crazy idea† but he don’t let that all that commentaries affect them, and continued with his idea, and convinced Sony to make this innovation. At first was difficult to believe in the Walkman, because people were used big recorders or speakers and carry them everywhere making a big sound, and the idea of a kind of little recorder, where you can put any cassette and use headphones to listen music seems unrealizable comparing with big and heavy recorders, but he continued in the production of the artifact that revolutionized the music industry. One of the things he loved most was listening to music and traveling. but when he travel, walk or do any activity he wanted to hear their music and bring it around, without disturbing others around him, because he said that not everyone liked all the same kind of music, and also wanted to have some privacy with music, because when he heard some music he relaxed more, was happy listening to music. Was one of the things he liked and enjoyed doing. So he started thinking about how he can enjoy his music anytime but without carried every  time a huge recorder, and without listen someone else music, but that was only ideas that came out of his mind at that time. On a sunny morning of 1979, Ibuka was running around a park when suddenly he felt like listening to music. So he took a look around him and saw a lot of people walking, running and bicycling and came out with the idea of a device which people could carry while they are doing all these activities, and that it how he came out with the idea of the Walkman. He extracted the circuit from a tape recording and put a stereo amplifier with headphones; also he requested to the general manager of the Tape Recorder Business Division, begin work on a small tape recorder that Sony had launched in 1977 called the Walkman, his name expressed a man walking with his music. When the Walkman was launching Sony sold millions of units. It allowed getting quality sound, similar to a home computer without being so big and noisy. It changed the music industries and became a symbol of the 80 ´s . Many people, especially young people, where so happy with this invention, that the Walkman became very famous, and sell a lot of units in that time, This is the product that will satisfy those young people who want to listen to music all day. Theyll take it everywhere with them, and they wont care about record functions. If we put a playback-only headphone stereo like this on the market, itll be a hit. . They were so successful that they star to develop new types of Walkman, was the sport Walkman that was special for customers that make sports and the where in different colors; also they created a small cassette so in that way they made walkmans smaller and easier to carry them everywhere. When de CD ´S came out, Sony saw an opportunity to improve his device, and the Discman came out in 1984, where the cassettes were replaced for CD ´S, they continued innovating and include a screen where they can watch videos (Video Walkman), and also make the CD ´s smaller and the Minidisc Walkman was born in 1999. The completion starts when Apple launched the IPod that was a similar device where you can listen music and easier to carried because it size, pretty the same as the Walkman MP3 that was launched at that time. The IPod became a really hard competitor for the fact that it came with the iTunes software that change the entire music industry which at the time was grappling with the digitalization of music with audio files. ITunes was and continue being a media player and media library, developed by Apple, that is use to download songs, videos, from a personal computer and directly injected into the IPod. Now a day’s Sony Company is focus in a variety of products, they have produced TV’s, computers, Play Station, speakers, Smartphone, and a big variety of Walkmans, of different sizes, colors, types. Is a very famous and recognized company because the good quality and long life of all their products. This company is very successful in all his products, thanks to their Walkman invention companies as Apple innovate the original walkman and created a different and innovate product. The IPod has the majority of the market in the industry of music player, thanks to all the innovations that they made like the IPod touch, mini IPod that has access to internet, take photos, video recorder, and games, by just an account in the App store and ITunes. â€Å"By 1995, total production of Walkman units reached 150 million and over 300 different Walkman models have been produced to date.† The Walkman was very successful at that time, by selling millions of units and using by all kind of people at that time. Many commercials came out where they show people doing any type of activity; the first commercial was a ballerina stretches it with the walkman before she starts too practiced. I can say that for 80 ´s and 90 ´s the Walkman revolutionized the music industry, it changes as we know today, where you can hear different songs from your phone, iPod, mp3, walkman, everywhere. I can remember using my purple Discman with my favorites CD ´s in every family trip that I have, in my house before I went to sleep, or in any bored moment, I put my headphones on, and play my music and started to dance, it was fun for me, that’s why I’m very thankful to this invention. We can achieve any dream if we believe it and take risk with them, like Masuru Ibuka because of his invention now we can play music everywhere. Bibliography

Graffiti essays

Graffiti essays Chicano political activists began using graffiti to make statements. Chicanos used graffiti to tell about their history, their family unity, and their bicultural pride. Chicanos also used their graffiti to unify the Chicano community during the Chicano Movement. Eventually this led to architectural decoration, murals to remember the deceased, personal shout-outs and gangs territorial markings. This paper will discuss the elements of graffiti and how it is used today. It is unfortunate that graffiti should be dismissed as mere vandalism on par with tire slashing and window breaking, because for many young people who often exhibit considerable talent, graffiti constitutes an aesthetic discipline. Graffiti has existed in one form or another as long as writing. The earliest known cave paintings, dating from 20,000 years ago, seems to have more in common with modern graffiti than with writing because they were mostly drawings of their surroundings. When Henry Chalfant's documentary film, Style Wars, came out in 1985, graffiti, break dancing and rap music were all seen as elements of hip hop culture. It was in this context that it spread. A Chicago graffiti writer Orko said, We swallowed it as a whole package: breaking, rapping, DJing and graffiti together. We never split them apart." Orko goes so far as to claims that "Graffiti is the center of hip hop. That's why the best MCs were all graffiti writers: KRS-One, Rakim." Graffiti is a vivid and tangible urban artifact, signaling, at the very least, the writer's disrespect for the institution of private property and his/her willingness to take risks. There is a trend, especially in California, toward full-scale productions featuring elaborate scenes and characters, which are easier to appreciate. More often, a writer's mission seems to be able to find an honorable place in the cadre of writers, by writing the tag-name as often, in as many places, and as skillfully ...

Epidemly and biostat Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Epidemly and biostat - Assignment Example The objective is to evaluate one or more new treatments for a disease or condition. Intervention trial therefore involves choosing a sample from the diseased people to investigate there rare disease and undertake a follow up condition. Q2. What statistical method(s) a researcher can use to determine if the mean body mass index of the population is the same for three groups of subjects (group1=diet restriction; group2=exercise; group3=none). (EACH IS TWO POINTS =TOTAL=SIX POINTS) Q3. Ã… ¶ represents the predicted value of y calculated using the equation Ã… ¶ = a + bx. In the formula, SBP = 34 + 0.2 x; where x = value of postnatal age (hours) for the neonates ≠¤ 1,000 grams? What is the value of the intercept (a)? What is the value of the slope (b)? (TWO POINTS) Q5. An equation indicating that systolic blood pressure or SBP = 30 + 0.4x. If the value of x is postnatal age of 20 hours, what is the value for Ã… ¶ or SBP for neonates ≠¤ 1,000 grams? Show your calculations. (TWO POINTS) Population attributable fraction is a statistic used to estimate the proportional reduction in average disease risk over a given time interval that would be achieved by eliminating the exposure of interest from the population while distribution of other risk factors in the population remain constant. This means that 85% of the cases of a disease could be avoided if the factor causally related to increase risk is eliminated and that the distribution of other risk factors remains unchanged. Q9. The death rates from various conditions are often compared across geographic areas. These comparisons are usually based on directly age-standardized mortality rates. Which of the following best describes what is meant by an age-standardized rate created by the direct method? (Choose one best answer and provide rationale). (TWO POINT) Q12. The strength of an association is one of the criteria for

Writing Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Writing Project - Research Paper Example The sport has received immense support globally and is popularly known in Europe as majority of the racings are done within the continent. However, over years, the scope of the sports has evolved as today racing is being held in different countries like United States and other continents. The sports has garnered support among different fans who in most occasions views the racings conducted by renowned sports men through such media devices like televisions which today is available at every corner of the world (Baer, 1995). This paper therefore, examines formula one racing as an aspect of motorsports. Formula one racing has led to major changes in the history of sports racing making the sports to be competitive globally. The idea behind formula one can be traced back to1946 where races concentrating on cars were first brought up and the idea to find the best drivers on the planet initiated. However, this did not come to be immediately until 1950 when the first motorsport race was held. However, after the first motorsports, there were several motorsports championship which were held but they were not given much consideration as there was nothing to be profited from the races conducted. In 1983, the sport was deemed to be unprofitable as drivers were not benefiting from the race leading to shortages on the people who were participating on the race (Baer, 1995). Likewise, most participants in the sports were using their own cars and they solely bore the costs related to the races like vehicle repair and the usual wear and tear. Interestingly, different cars models which were being u sed for racing purposes back then included Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Meserati and the Mercedes benz (Formula 1Â ®. (n.d.), 2015). Over the years the different car manufactures which were being used in formula one race made technological advancements on their cars. This included new engine and tire types which gave

Project Manager Roles and Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

Project Manager Roles and Responsibilities Essay The Project Manager is the person responsible for developing, in conjunction with the Project Sponsor, a definition of the project. The Project Manager then ensures that the project is delivered on time, to budget and to the required quality standard (within agreed specifications). He/she ensures the project has sufficient resources and manages relationships with a wide range of groups (including all project contributors). The Project Manager is also responsible for managing the work of consultants, allocating and utilizing resources in an efficient manner and maintaining a co-operative, motivated and successful team. Additional responsibilities include: managing and leading the project team,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   recruiting project staff and consultants, managing co-ordination between the partners and working groups engaged in project work, detailed project planning and control. Control would incorporate: Developing and maintaining a detailed project plan. Managing project deliverables in line with the project plan. Maintaining records of and managing project issues. Resolving conflicts at project level. Managing project scope and change control and escalating issues where necessary. Monitoring project progress and performance. Providing status reports to the project sponsor. Managing project training within the defined budget. Liaison with, and updates on progress to, the project steering board/senior management. Managing project evaluation and dissemination activities. Managing consultancy input within the defined budget. Final approval of the design specification. Working closely with users to ensure the project meets business needs. Definition and management of : â€Å"User Acceptance Testing† stage. Identifying user training needs and devising and managing user training programmes. As an illustration of the roles and responsibilities of a Project manager, I am going to use the simple example of changing the wheel of a car with one person in charge (project manager). In the exposition that follows, the steps followed will be under the headlines of the five essential ones outlined in the PMBOK: Initiating The initiating stage in replacing a punctured car-wheel is the process of preparing to replace the wheel. To begin with, the project manager, or whoever is overseeing the operation, ensures that all the tools necessary for the job are available. The tools necessary in this case would comprise the jerk, wheel spanner, the unique key-for some car models, maybe some props such as stones where there is a possibility of the car slipping downhill and finally, labor. Planning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once the initiating stage is completed, we move on to the planning stage whereby different strategies are proposed and quickly debated with one being agreed upon. The role of the project manager in this stage is to ensure that everyone is given an opportunity to express their opinions on how best to approach the problem. Then, he/she should harmonize every participant’s views and in cases if the group cannot reach a resolution unanimously, he/she should apply his/her critical thinking abilities and skills in choosing the most reasonable approach that would be most efficient, effective and feasible. The planning would entail deciding which nuts to unscrew first e.g. diagonally, where to place the jerk and the props and where to put the tools and nuts in such a manner as to ensure they don’t get lost or pose a hazard to any of the team members. The Plan will also incorporate delegation of duties amongst the team members i.e. deciding who will place the jerk, who will unscrew the nuts, who will carry the spare wheel, and who will screw the new wheel back. The delegation of duties should be fair such that no member feels exploited or alienated and it is the work of the project manager to study everyone’s character and tell who is suited best for what. The final parts of the plan involve training participants as necessary, scheduling everything, and monitoring progress. Executing or Implementation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After initiating and planning, finally the time comes to put the plan into action. During this stage, the team implements the strategy decided upon with a view to achieving the intended objective. The team removes the bad wheel and replaces it with one that is in good condition. The work of the project manager is to ensure that each participant plays his/ her assigned role and that the operation goes according to plan by correcting any digressions and getting rid of any impediments that might arise in the course of the implementation. Controlling and Monitoring   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As to controlling and monitoring, this entails putting measures in place in anticipation of pitfalls during the process of implementing the plan. Pitfalls to be anticipated might include: some members do not like the roles they are assigned and so they don’t play their roles with the necessary devotion. Also it is possible   that some members might want to sabotage the project for any of a number of reasons or one of the tools gets damaged and cannot be repaired in time for the work at hand. To avoid alienation, the project manager should make every member feel as though they own the project and when it succeeds the glory will be shared and the benefits mutual. In addition, the project manager has the responsibility of ensuring that, if a member were assigned a role he/she does not like, they are free to voice their concerns so that a speedy resolution is sought. The speedy resolution could be training or instruction where a member is assigned work they do not know how to do. Alternatively, members could swap roles to resolve any stalemates. Finally, a backup plan should be in place to cater for unanticipated hitches. Closing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In finishing up, the project manager should ensure the team tightens the nuts to the required extent and remove the jerk and props. He/she should also ensure that any member who sustains any injury should be attended to and all the tools-wheel spanners, jerk, props, key- together with the bad wheel are all returned and checked to ensure they are in good condition, then put in their respective places of storage. BIBLIOGRAPHY K. Bainey, The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), 3rd ed. Project Management Institute, New Jersey, 2004