Essay on Analysis on Benetton’s Advertisements - 1154 Words

Analysis on Benetton’s Advertisements Analyse and comment on the controversial nature of the Benetton’s adverts paying close attention to the race issues and the most recent death row campaign Images are fast replacing words as our primary language. They define our ideas of beauty, truth, and history. In our age, the photographer, not the philosopher is king. (From Richard Avedon: Darkness and Light) What kind of advertising company would depict images that convey messages which are totally opposite from the purpose and nature of the company itself? What kind of advertising company would cause unnecessary pain and distress to the ones affected by the disturbing images of which the†¦show more content†¦My intentions are to discuss the social and cultural implications of Benetton’s ads to discover why they have become so criticised and whether or not they are beneficial to our society. In 1989 Benetton became the first company to eliminate pictures of its products from its advertisements. The photographer Oliviero Toscani, who has a long history in dealing with art, was given total control over Benetton’s ads. The first advert was named ‘war’. The advert depicts two men of different race united with handcuffs. This is the first thing that comes to our mind. These are the denotations. There is a white man and a black man. It seems that both of these are men are dressed in denim jackets as well as having the same colour shirt. However all these points are very simple, if one looks at the picture very carefully then there are many inferences that can be made. Although the ad shows two men handcuffed together, some people may assume the black man was cuffed to the white man. This led to many complaints about racism after this ad appeared. When you look at the black man a sense of criminality is symbolised. On the other hand if you look at the white person a sense of heroism has been symbolized. Throughout the late 1900’s black people were always put after every other white person. They had no equal rights and always came second. AlthoughShow MoreRelatedEthics in Advertisement of United Colors of Benetton2289 Words   |  10 PagesEthics in advertisement of United Colors of Benetton Are Benetton ´s advertisements ethical or not? Contents Introduction: 3 The United Colors of Benetton strategy 3 Three separate cycles of building Benetton’s value 4 Utilitarianism approach 6 Deontological approach 7 Conclusion 9 References 9 Introduction: As the students of MME (Economics and Management studies), we have chosen the topic, which involves our study program, which is the Marketing and Consumer behavior. Our topic is focusedRead MoreThe Company United Colors Of Benetton3607 Words   |  15 Pagesproduction and design. It makes it intricate to compare the firm with other companies in the fashion industry, since business rivals can be lesser and focus on just one element of the business chain. Benetton’s major competitors include: Inditex, HM and GAP (Maguire, 2003, p. 16). The three firms’ are Benetton’s competitors because they target similar consumer segment in the marketing environment. Evidently, its competitors in the market do not exist exactly in the same industry since Inditex and BenettonRead MoreBenetton Brouhaha - Is Benetton’s Approach to Advertising as Depicted in â€Å"Benetton Brouhaha† More Strategic or Structural in Nature?3761 Words   |  16 PagesMarketing 601 Assig nment 1 Benetton Brouhaha Benetton Brouhaha Is Benetton’s approach to advertising as depicted in â€Å"Benetton Brouhaha† more strategic or structural in nature? The purpose of this paper is to practice critical thinking by applying elements of reasoning to the article â€Å"Benetton Brouhaha†. The question I will answer: â€Å"Is Benetton’s approach to advertising as depicted in the article more strategic or structural in nature?† I will approach this question by applying critical thinkingRead MoreA Message Without Words Essay2804 Words   |  12 PagesSelect one (1) of the picture ads from the Benetton advertisement images document, located in the online course shell. Assume you are the project lead at Benetton. You and your team are tasked with revitalizing a social conscious campaign to address a world issue Benetton wants to draw attention to. Craft a message for this image and its appeal to the public on behalf of Benetton. The message selected for revitalizing a social conscious campaign to address a world issue that Benetton wants toRead MoreThe Impact Of Advertising On People s Engagement With Social Issues Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagessensitive to events and thus less responsive, he suggests, than we had been before. Eric Watts and Marc Orbe, in their article on spectacular consumption, explore how culture is shaped by public consumption, through an analysis of the Whassup! ads for Budweiser. In their analysis, Watts and Orbe argue that the effectiveness of the ads were reliant on two conflicting attitudes about Black America held by predominantly white America: first a apprectiation for the sameness of Male bonding, and an attractionRead MoreLogistics and Outsourcing in China: the Benetton Group S.P.A. Case3073 Words   |  13 Pagesmade the group able to experience revenues for over 2 billion euros in the last four years and a net income of 102 million euro in 2010, despite the crisis that strongly affected world performance in the industry. Figure 2. The Group Profit Analysis 2010. Benetton Investors Report The importance of Logistics for the Apparel Industry In the past, the main players in the apparel industry used to compete primarily on style, price and marketing as these factors mattered most for customerRead MoreThe Role of Advertising in Marketing Communications9872 Words   |  40 Pagespublic relations are as follows: High credibility: News stories and features are more authentic and credible to readers than ads. Ability to catch buyers off – guard: Public relations can reach prospects who prefer to avoid sales people and advertisements. Dramatization: Public relations have the potential for dramatizing a company or a product. 5. DIRECT MARKETING – Use of mail, telephone, fax, e – mail, or internet to communicate directly with or solicit response or dialogue from specific customersRead MoreThe Sustainable Century By Design Or Disaster9705 Words   |  39 Pagessolar heating units, organic food, etc. Many other products simply have less packaging, reduced material input or some other â€Å"sustainably quality†. Some companies employ sustainability branding to attract and appeal to the sustainability market. Benetton’s message of peace, love and equality is a case in point. These â€Å"markets† will not immediately cause an end to the 20th century supply and demand apprati. This is not the point either. Instead, sustainability values embody a whole different consumerRead MoreThe Sustainable Century By Design Or Disaster9705 Words   |  39 Pagessolar heating units, organic food, etc. Many other products simply have less packaging, reduced material input or some other â€Å"sustainably quality†. Some companies employ sustainability branding to attract and appeal to the sustainability market. Benetton’s message of peace, love and equality is a case in point. These â€Å"markets† will not immediately cause an end to the 20th century supply and demand apprati. This is not the point either. Instead, sustainability values embody a whole different consumer

Stand By Me by Rob Reiner essay - 879 Words

The film Stand By Me by Rob Reiner, teaches young viewers about life. The film revolutionizes and challenges how young viewers perceive the world. Stand By Me follows a quartet of young inseparable boys on a elusive and irrevocable quest to discover a dead childs body, where they are suffused into the pressures of adolescence, and uncertainty. It delves into the troubled dispositions of each characters whom are ostracized by their families. It explores the coming of age, as the young boys move closer destination, tension arises as they are overwhelmed by the solemness of what they are to find. It also emphasises that death is an essential and inevitable part of life, as illustrated by the untimely death of a young boy, Ray Brower. Stand†¦show more content†¦The diegesis of the adult Gordie voice-over reinforces that he remembers articulately the powerful sentiment of having seen Ray Brower. Seeing the face of death for the first time had prevailing impact on all of the three boys but particularly Gordie, whos deceased brother have a connection with Ray Browers death. Gordie starts weeping heavily Why did Danny have to die, Chris?. Gordies rhetorical question to Chris conveys that Gordie is still grieving for his brother, and questions deaths way of claiming loved ones as well as its existence. In conclusion, the film Stand By Me teaches young viewers about life. This was communicated through the protagonists Chris, Gordie, Teddy and Vern, who embark on an adventure from childhood to maturity. The young boys were subjected to intellectual and emotional growth, greater conflict and major obstacles, which have revolutionized them in various. The journey has taught the viewers about life by exploring the coming of age from all the four characters, the catalyst of their transformation from childhood to adolescence. It has illuminated the audience on how incidents can revolutionize connections and has also conveyed the certainty of death, how it is predestined and elemental. Overall, Stand By Me is a gripping and poignant film with compelling messages about life through the experiences of four, dedicated

Process Analysis How to Change Your Oil free essay sample

In order to keep your car running well, you must regularly change your oil and oil filter. This involves draining the old oil, changing the oil filter, replacing the oil with clean oil, and disposing of the old oil. The equipment required includes four to six liters of oil, a socket wrench, a funnel, an oil filter, a car jack, an oil catch-pan, and oil rags or paper towels. The first step in changing your oil is to place the car jack under the frame of the car and lift it up high enough for you to lie underneath. This allows you to have easy access to the oil pan. After the car is lifted to a comfortable height, turn the car on and idle it for two to three minutes in order to warm up the oil. Heating up the oil allows it to drain more quickly and ensures you stir up all of the loose sediment in the oil. We will write a custom essay sample on Process Analysis: How to Change Your Oil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Once your car is warmed up and turned off, remove the oil cap. The cap is located under the hood of your car on top of the engine. This is where you will add oil after you are done draining the old oil. Doing this will help the oil drain more easily because air can flow in as the lines empty. Once this step is completed, you will need to lie under your car and look for a flat metal pan close to the engine. It should have a bolt or plug toward the bottom. This is the oil plug you will need to remove in order for the used oil to drain. Directly beneath the plug, place your pan with a couple of paper towels beneath that for catching the oil. Removing this plug can be tricky; the oil will come out of the pan as soon as you do this. You will begin by loosening the plug counter-clockwise with the proper sized socket wrench. Once you have loosened the plug with your wrench, remove it the rest of the way with your hand. Make sure you have your oil catch-pan placed directly beneath the oil pan before you remove the plug. You must also be careful not to drop the plug into the used oil; it is a messy job trying to find the plug in the black stuff. Now you wait. It will take several minutes for all the oil to drain out of the engine. When the oil has ceased running out of the crankcase, replace the plug. Hand tighten it at first to make sure you are not cross-threading the oil plug when you screw it back in, and then tighten it the rest of the way with your wrench. While you are poking around underneath the car, take a minute to locate the oil filter. You will need to replace this next. This next step requires you to locate the filter assembly. Filters are not put in a standard position, so they can be on the front, on the back or on the side of engine depending on the model. Examine the replacement filter you purchased to get an idea of what to look for. Typically, they are white, blue, or black cylinders about five inches long and three inches wide, like a soup can. After you find the filter, unscrew it. Get a good grip with your hands and twist counter-clockwise at a slow and steady pace. Make sure the catch-pan is still under the car collecting the spilling oil; there will be some oil trapped in the filter that will be released when unscrewed. In order to prepare the new filter, dip the tip of your finger in the new replacement oil and smear it on the gasket ring of the new filter. This will lubricate the gasket and create a good seal for the new filter and ensure that you will be able to remove the filter later. Carefully screw on the new, lubricated filter, being careful to not cross the threads. The filter will generally say how tight to tighten it, so refer back to the directions on the box for more specific instructions. In general, you will tighten the filter until the gasket touches, then one quarter-turn more. With all of the openings plugged, it is time to replace the oil that was removed. Now, you will add the new oil to the car at the hole made by removing the oil cap. The quantity needed is in the car’s owners manual, usually listed under â€Å"capacities.† To prevent a spill on the engine, use the funnel to control the flow of the oil. When you have added the required amount of oil, replace the cap. To get the pressure up and ensure you have installed everything correctly, start the engine and run it for two minutes. This is also when you reset your oil change light. Voila, you have just changed your oil. Now that you have completed your task, it is time get the sludgy mess into a more permanent container. Adding the used oil to the new container you have just emptied or an empty milk jug is the best disposal technique. Once your catch-pan is drained, make sure your oil filter is also empty. You can add this oil to your disposal container and then you may dispose of your old oil in a designated collection site. Typically, all places that sell motor oil will have this information on hand. Changing your own oil is  significantly less expensive than having a professional do the work. Over time, your oil will break down again and your filter will become clogged with contaminants. Depending upon your driving habits and type of vehicle, this may take as few as three months or 3,000 miles, or be as long as 20,000 miles or twenty-four months. When this time comes, you now know how to solve the problem.

What is learning

Learning is a continuous process that involves the transformation of information and experience into abilities and knowledge. Learning, according to me, is a two way process that involves the learner and the educator leading to knowledge acquisition as well as capability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What is learning? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It informs my educational sector by making sure that both the students and the teacher participate during the learning process to make it more real and enjoyable so that the learners can clearly understand. There are many and different learning concepts held by students and ways in which the different views affect teaching and learning. One of the learning concept held by students is, presentation of learning material that is precise. This means that any material that is meant for learning should be very clear put in a language that the learners comprehend (Blackm an Benson 2003). The material should also be detailed with many examples that are relevant to the prior knowledge of the learner. This means that the learner must have pertinent prior knowledge. This can be obtained by the teacher explaining new ideas and words that are to be encountered in a certain field or topic that might take more consecutive lessons. Different examples assist the students in approaching ideas in many perspectives. The learner is able to get similarities from the many examples given thus leading to a better understanding of a concept since the ideas are related and linked. Secondly, new meanings should be incorporated into the students’ prior knowledge, instead of remembering only the definitions or procedures. Therefore, to promote expressive learning, instructional methods that relate new information to the learner’s prior knowledge should be used. Moreover, significant learning involves the use of evaluation methods that inspire learners to re late their existing knowledge with new ideas. For the students to comprehend complex ideas, they must be combined with the simple ideas they know.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Teaching becomes very easy when a lesson starts with simple concepts that the students are familiar with. The students should start by understanding what they know so that they can use the ideas in comprehending complex concepts. This makes learning smooth and easy for both the learner and the educator (Chermak Weiss 1999). Thirdly, acquisition of the basic concepts is very essential for the student to understand the threshold concepts. This is because; the basic concepts act as a foundation in learning a certain topic or procedure. So, the basic concepts must be comprehended first before proceeding to the incorporation of the threshold concepts. This makes the student to have a clear understanding of each st age due to the possession of initial knowledge (Felder Brent 1996). A deeper foundation of the study may also be achieved through getting the differences between various concepts clearly and by knowing the necessary as well as the unnecessary aspects. Basic concepts are normally taught in the lower classes of each level. They include defining terms in each discipline. These terms aid in teaching in all the levels because they act as a foundation. The stage of acquiring the basics determines the students’ success in the rest of their studies. This is because lack of basics leads to failure since the students can not understand the rest of the context in that discipline, which depends mostly on the basics. For learning to become effective to the students, the basics must be well understood as well as their applications. Learning by use of models to explain certain procedures or ideas in a certain discipline is also another learning concept held by students. Models are helpful i n explaining complex procedures and they assist the students in understanding better (Blackman Benson 2003). For instance, in economics, there are many models that are used by the students so that they can comprehend the essential interrelationships in that discipline. A model known as comparative static is used by the students who do economics to understand how equilibrium is used in economic reason as well as the forces that bring back equilibrium after it has been moved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What is learning? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The students must know the importance of using such kind of models, the main aspect in the model and its relationship with the visual representation. A model is one of the important devices that must be used by a learner to acquire knowledge. They are mainly presented in a diagram form using symbols or arrows. It simplifies teaching especially to the slow lear ners who get the concept slowly but clearly. It is the easiest and most effective method of learning complex procedures or directions. Most models are in form of flowcharts. Learners should get used to learning incomplete ideas so that they can make more complete ideas available to them and enjoy going ahead. This is because, in the process of acquiring the threshold concepts, the prior knowledge acquired previously might be transformed. So, the students must be ready to admit that every stage in the learning process they get an understanding that is temporary. This problem intensifies when the understanding of an idea acquired currently changes the understanding of an idea that had been taught previously. This leads to confusion that can make the weak students lose hope. That is why the teacher should always state clear similarities as well as differences of various concepts. On the other hand, the student should be able to compare different concepts and stating their similarities as well as differences (Watkins Regmy 1992). The student should also be careful when dealing with concepts that seem similar and must always be attentive to get the first hand information from the teacher. Teaching and learning becomes very hard when learners do not concentrate by paying attention to what the teacher is explaining. For the serious students, learning becomes enjoyable and they do not get confused. According to Chemkar and Weiss (1999), learners must not just sit down and listen, but they must involve themselves in some other activities such as reading, writing, discussing or solving problems. Basically, they must be very active and concentrate on what they are doing. These techniques are very essential because they have a great impact to the learners.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students always support learning that is active than the traditional lecture methods because they master the content well and aids in the development of most skills such as writing and reading. So methods that enhance active learning motivate the learners since they also get more information from their fellow learners through discussions. Students engage themselves in discussion groups or class presentations to break the monotony of lecture method of learning. Learning is a two way process and so both the teacher and the student must be involved. Active learning removes boredom in the class and the students get so much involved thus improving understanding. This arouses the mind of the student leading to more concentration. During a lecture, the student should write down some of the important points that can later be expounded on. Involvement in challenging tasks by the learners is so much important. The task should not be very difficult but rather it should just be slightly above t he learner’s level of mastery. This makes the learner to get motivated and instills confidence. It leads to success of the learner due to the self confidence that aids in problem solving. For instance, when a learner tackles a question that deemed hard and gets the answer correct, it becomes the best kind of encouragement ever. The learner gets the confidence that he can make it and this motivates him to achieve even more. This kind of encouragement mostly occurs to the quick learners because the slow learners fail in most cases. This makes the slow learners fear tackling many problems. So, the concept might not apply to all the learners but for the slow learners who are determined, they can always seek for help incase of such a problem. Moreover, another concept held by students is repetition because, the most essential factor in learning is efficient time in a task. For a student to study well he or she should consider repetition, that is, looking at the same material over and over again. For instance, before a teacher comes for the lesson, the student can review notes and then review the same notes after the teacher gets out of class. So, the student reviews the notes many times thus improving the understanding level (Felder Brent 1996). This simplifies revising for an exam because the student does not need to cram for it. Reviewing the same material makes teaching very easy since the teacher does not need to go back to the previous material and start explaining again. It becomes very hard for those students who do not review their work at all because they do not understand the teacher well and are faced by a hard time when preparing for examinations. Basically, learning requires quite enough time so that it can be effective. It also becomes a very big problem for those who do not sacrifice their time in reviews. Acquisition of the main points improves understanding of the material to the student. Everything that is learnt or taught may not be of im portance. Therefore, the student must be very keen to identify the main points when learning. These points should be written down or underlined because they become useful when reviewing notes before doing an exam. It helps in saving time and leads to success. For those students who do not pay attention, it becomes very difficult for them to highlight the main points. They read for the sake of it and make the teacher undergo a very hard time during teaching. To overcome this problem, the students must be taught how to study so that learning can be effective. Cooperative learning is also another concept held by the students. It is more detailed than a group work because when used properly, it leads to remarkable results. This is very encouraging in teaching and the learning environment as well. The students should not work with their friends so that learning can be productive, instead every group should have at least one top level student who can assist the weak students. The groups a ssist them in achieving academic as well as social abilities due to the interaction. This learning concept benefits the students more because, a fellow student can explain a concept in a better way than how the teacher can explain in class. Assignments are then given to these groups through a selected group leader (Felder Brent 1996). Every member must be active in contributing ideas and respect of one’s ideas is necessary. It becomes very easy for the teacher to mark such kind of assignments since they are fewer than marking for each individual. Learning becomes enjoyable because every student is given a chance to express his or her ideas freely and in a constructive manner. Teaching is also easier because the students encounter very many new ideas during the discussions. Some students deem it as time wastage but it is necessary in every discipline. Every group member should be given a chance to become the group’s facilitator whose work is to distribute and collect as signments. Dormant students are forced to become active because every group member must contribute his or her points. Cooperative learning is a concept that requires proper planning and organization. Completion of assignments is another student held learning concept. Its main aim is to assist the student in knowing whether the main concepts in a certain topic were understood. This acts as a kind of self evaluation to the student and also assists the teacher to know whether the students understood a certain topic. The assignments must be submitted to the respective teacher for marking. Those students who are focused follow the teacher after the assignments have been marked for clarification purposes. This enhances learning and the student understands better. Many students differ with this idea because they do not like relating with the teacher (Marton Beaty 1993). This leads to very poor grades since communication is a very essential factor in learning. Teaching becomes easier and en joyable when there is a student- teacher relationship. Assignment corrections are necessary to both the student and the teacher since the student comprehends the right method of solving a certain problem that he or she could not before. Lazy students who do not do corrections make teaching hard for the teacher because they make the other students to lag behind. Learning may also become ineffective for them due to low levels of understanding. Acquisition of facts is still another student held concept that aims at understanding reality. Students capture the essential facts so that they can understand how they suit in another context. Many students fail to obtain the facts because they think that they can get everything taught in class or read from books. When studying, the student must clearly understand the topic so that he or she can develop a theme. This helps in making short notes by eliminating unnecessary information. So, the facts must always be identified and well understood i n order to apply them where necessary. Teaching becomes easier when the facts are well comprehended by the students because it enhances effective learning. Effective learning occurs when a student possesses strong emotions. A strong memory that lasts for long is linked with the emotional condition of the learner. This means that the learners will always remember well when learning is incorporated with strong emotions. Emotions develop when the students have a positive attitude towards learning (Marton Beaty 1993). This is because they will find learning enjoyable and exciting unlike those with a negative attitude who will find learning boring and of no use to them. Emotions affect teaching since a teacher will like to teach those students with a positive attitude towards what he is teaching rather than those with a negative attitude. The positive attitude leads to effective learning because the students get interested in what they are learning and eventually leads to success. Learni ng does not become effective where students portray a negative attitude since they are not interested thus leading to failure. Furthermore, learning through hearing is another student held concept. This concept enables them to understand what they hear thus calling for more attention and concentration. They prefer instructions that are given orally and are very keen but they also participate by speaking. Teaching becomes very enjoyable since the students contribute a lot through talking and interviewing. Learning occurs effectively because the students involve themselves in oral reading as well as listening to recorded information. In this concept, learning is mostly enhanced by debating, presenting reports orally and interviewing people. Those students who do not prefer this concept as a method of learning do not involve themselves in debates or oral discussions but use other learning concepts. Learners may also use the concept of seeing to understand better. This makes them rememb er what they saw and most of them prefer using written materials (Van Rosum Schenk 1984). Unlike the auditory learners who grasp the concept through hearing, visual learners understand better by seeing. They use their sight to learn and do it quietly. They prefer watching things like videos and learn from what they see. Learning occurs effectively since the memory is usually connected with visual images. Teaching becomes very easy when visual images are incorporated. They include such things like pictures, objects, graphs. A teacher can use charts during instruction thus improving the students’ understanding level or present a demonstration for the students to see. Diagrams are also necessary because most students learn through seeing. Use of visual images makes learning to look real and the student gets the concept better than those who learn through imaginations. This concept makes the students to use text that has got many pictures, diagrams, graphics, maps and graphs. In learning students may also use the tactile concept whereby they gain knowledge and skills through touching. They gain knowledge mostly through manipulative.Teaching becomes more effective when students are left to handle equipments for themselves for instance in a laboratory practical. Students tend to understand better because they are able to follow instructions (Watkins Regmy 1992). After applying this concept, the students are able to engage themselves in making perfect drawings, making models and following procedures to make something. Learning may not take place effectively to those students who do not like manipulating because it arouses the memory and the students comprehends the concept in a better way. Learning through analysis is also another concept held by students because they are able to plan their work in an organized manner which is based on logic ideas only. It requires individual learning and effective learning occurs when information is given in steps. This mak es the teacher to structure the lessons properly and the goals should be clear. This method of organizing ideas makes learning to become effective thus leading to success and achievement of the objectives. Analysis improves understanding of concepts to the learners (Watkins Regmy 1992). They also understand certain procedures used in various topics because they are sequential. Teaching and learning becomes very hard for those students who do not know how to analyze their work. Such students learn in a haphazard way thus leading to failure. If all the learning concepts held by students are incorporated, then remarkable results can be obtained. A lot information and knowledge can be obtained through learning as long as the learner uses the best concepts for learning. Learners are also different because there are those who understand better by seeing while others understand through listening or touching. So, it is necessary for each learner to understand the best concept to use in orde r to improve the understanding level. For the slow learners, extra time should be taken while studying and explanations must be clear to avoid confusion. There are also those who follow written instructions better than those instructions that are given orally. Basically, learners are not the same and so require different techniques. Reference List Benson, A., Blackman, D., 2003. Can research methods ever be interesting? Active  Learning in Higher Education, Vol. 4, No. 1, 39-55. Chermak, S., Weiss, A., 1999. Activity-based learning of statistics: Using practical applications to improve students’ learning. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 361-371. Felder, R., Brent, R., 1996. Navigating the bumpy road to student-centered instruction. College Teaching, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 43-47. Marton, F. Beaty, E., 1993. Conceptions of learning. International Journal of  Educational Research, Vol. 19, pp. 277-300. Van Rossum, E., Schenk, S., 1984. The relati onship between learning conception, study strategy and learning outcome. British Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 54, No.1, pp. 73-85. Watkins, D., Regmy, M., 1992. How universal are student conceptions of learning? A Nepalese investigation. Psychologia, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 101-110. 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